Lab Report
Using english to report,
Purpose
·
To synthesize an ester out of an alcohol and a
carboxylic acid.
Introduction
Everything that has
scent is made up of molecules. Their scent is determined by the functional
group each molecule contains, which is connected to an organic compound, a
carbon-based molecule. These functional groups can determine whether a molecule
is an alcohol, if it smells putrid (a carboxylic acid), or if it smells sweet
(an ester). However, there are more than just three functional groups. When
different functional groups react with one another, a new functional group is
formed. For example, if an alcohol reacts with a carboxylic acid, an ester is
formed. For this lab, this is exactly what we had to do. The class was assigned
to combine alcohols and carboxylic acids in order to create different type of
esters. If reacted correctly, the different properties of the different
alcohols and carboxylic acids could make scents such as apple, strawberry, and
banana.
Materials
· Various Alcohols
· Various Organic Acids
· Test Tubes (5-8)
· Hot Plate
· Gloves
· Goggles
· Pipettes
· Stirring Rods
Procedure
Wintergreen:
1.
Put 0.2 grams of salicylic acid into a 10 cm test tube.
2.
Add 6 drops of methyl alcohol add shake the tube
until mixed.
3.
Add 1 drop of concentrated sulfuric acid.
4.
Shake the tube again and place it in a beaker of
boiling water for three minutes.
5.
After heating is complete, remove
the tube from beaker and add 15 drops of water.
6.
Hold the ester away from your face and waft the
scent towards you.
Grape:
1. Place 0.2 grams
of anthranilic acid into a 10-cm test tube.
2.
Add 6 drops of methyl alcohol and
agitate the tube until the contents are well
mixed.
3. Add 1 drop of
concentrated sulfuric acid.
4. Shake the tube
and place it in a beaker of boiling water for three minutes.
5.
After heating is complete, remove
the tube from breaker and add 15 drops of water.
6. Hold the ester
away from your face and waft the scent towards
you.
Banana
1. Put 6 drops of
isoamyl alcohol in a 10-cm test tube.
2.
Add 2 drops of glacial acetic acid.
3. Add 1 drop of
concentrated sulfuric acid.
4.
Shake the tube and place it into boiling water.
5. Remove the test
tube from boiling water and add 20 drops of water. Shake tube.
6. Wave the vapor of
the scent towards you.
Strawberry:
1. Put 6 drops of
ethyl alcohol into a 10-cm test tube.
2. Wearing gloves,
add 2 drops of butyric acid.
3. Add 1 drop of
concentrated sulfuric acid,
4.
Shake tube, and place into boiling water.
5. Remove test tube
from boiling water and add 20 drops of water. Shake the tube.
6. Smell ester by
wafting the vapor towards you.
Apple:
1. Put 6 drops of
methyl alcohol in a 10-cm test tube.
2. Wearing gloves,
add 2 drops butyric acid.
3. Add 1 drop of
concentrated sulfuric acid.
4. Shake tube and
place it into boiling water.
5. Remove test tube
from boiling water and add 20 drops of water. Shake the tube.
6. Smell ester by
wafting the vapor towards you.
Results
Ester
|
R-OH
|
R-COOH
|
Odor
|
Wintergreen
|
Methyl Alcohol
|
Salicylic Acid
|
There‟s a hint of mint. It‟s very faint, but the scent of the ester is
mostly foul.
|
Banana
|
Isoamyl Alcohol
|
Acetic Acid
|
It actually smells like banana. You really can‟t smell the other
chemicals.
|
Strawberry
|
Ethyl Alcohol
|
Butyric Acid
|
It smells like strawberry. You can still smell a very small hint of the
acid.
|
Apple
|
Methanol
|
Butyric Acid
|
It smells a little bit like apple. At first, you couldn‟t smell it, but
after a while the scent
|
Grape
|
Methyl Alcohol
|
Anathrnic Acid
|
It smells nothing at all like grape. It smells plain foul.
|
Analysis of Results
1.
What evidence do
you have that an ester was produced in each of your reactions?
The evidence that I have that an ester was produced is
most of my reactions is the way the esters smell. If the products of the
reactions smell sweet, than you know it is an ester. If the products of the
reactions smell foul, than you know it is not an ester.
2. What is the role of sulfuric acid in this reaction? How come it isn’t listed with the other reactants?
The role of sulfuric acid in a reaction is to work as a
catalyst, which helps speed up the reaction. The reason why sulfuric acid is
not listed with the other reactants is
because
sulfuric acid is not a reactant, which means it‟s not part of the production.
Sulfuric Acid, the catalyst, does not undergo a chemical reaction, it does not
change.
3. In your own words, describe what happens at a molecular level when an alcohol and a carboxylic acid react?
When an alcohol and a carboxylic acid react, one
hydrogen from the alcohol combines with an „OH‟ from the carboxylic acid. Both
the “H” and “OH” are connected to organic compounds. Therefore, parts of the
functional groups of these molecules have reacted with one another and created
a new molecule, called an ester. An ester has a specific functional group (“O”
double bonded to another “O,” then bonded to another “O”) that determines its smell.
Conclusion:
The GSE that my work on this lab demonstrates mastery in
is Science
Process Skills 2:11:5.5. In order to meet proficiency in this GSE, students
will discover how the composition of a molecule affects its interactions with
other molecules. In order to conduct the lab, my partners and I had to
combine different types of chemicals made up of different structures, which
would react, and result in an ester. For example, in order to make an ester
smell like banana, we had to
combine methyl alcohol (an alcohol) and acetic acid (a carboxylic acid). The
compositions of these chemicals were different, but once they we combined them
and heated them up, they produced a sweet-smelling molecule. Although in class
we had learned about the process, but it wasn‟t until the actual lab that I
discovered and witnessed that when you combine an alcohol and a carboxylic acid
(which smells putrid), you get a sweet-smelling compound. The other way my work
on this lab shows proficiency in this GSE are the chemical reactions. In doing
the reactions, I was able to show the way an ester looks once the alcohol and
carboxylic acid react in the form of a skeletal structure.
Please conclude again about defenition of report?
BalasHapusA report is a document that presents information in an organized format for a specific audience and purpose. Although summaries of reports may be delivered orally, complete reports are almost always in the form of written documents.
HapusTypes of reports include: memos, minutes, lab reports, book reports, progress reports, justification reports, compliance reports, annual reports, and policies and procedures.
Can you explain how we can make a best report ??
BalasHapus#1 – Determine its purpose
HapusBefore you do anything else, clearly define what your report should accomplish. Are you writing this report to persuade or inform? Will it project into the future or review the past?
If you were assigned this report, discuss its aim with the person who put you in charge. Don’t proceed until you fully understand why you’re doing what you’re doing because everything else flows from that.
#2 – Write to your readers
This is really closely related to the first tip. You can’t write to your readers if you don’t know who they are. Are they experienced or inexperienced? Insiders or outsiders?
Don’t use words, including jargon, that they won’t understand. Provide supplemental information at the end of the report if it will help. Resist the temptation to tout your horn too loudly – your report should do that for you.
Keep your audience at the top of your mind throughout the rest of this process. You’ll look your best by looking out for your readers.
#3 – Proceed in an orderly manner
Now that you know why you’re writing the report, and to whom you’re reporting, you can begin doing your research. Once you’ve gathered all the information you need, you’re ready to start writing.
When you’ve finished writing everything else, you’re ready to write your executive summary – the last thing you write will likely be the first thing your audience reads.
#4 – Length matters
Your report should be long enough to accomplish its purpose, but not a single word longer. Anticipate questions and objections and provide responses.
Don’t feel the need to fill space. Don’t be redundant. Communicate effectively – end of story!
#5 – Flow logically
It may sound silly, but some people forget this simple rule – your report should have an introduction, the body, and a conclusion.
It should flow easily from point-to-point. Lead the reader through a logical progression of the topic from beginning to end. Your first point should naturally flow into the second and so on.
#6 – Appearance matters
Your report should be visually appealing. Your readers should get a sense of what you’re saying just by scanning it. Be liberal in your use of headers and sub-headers.
Use color if your budget permits. Present large amounts of data graphically – in a chart, a graph, a table, or some other illustration. Call out important points. Be creative, but make sure it doesn’t interfere with your message.
#7 – Review and revise
Once you’ve written everything, including the Executive Summary, you’re ready to review and revise your document. You should do this once and then put it away, at least overnight.
When you come back to it, review and revise it again. Then put it away. Read through it at least one more time. You should also try to get someone else to review it for you. A fresh set of eyes will often catch mistakes that you won’t.
In your own words, describe what happens at a molecular level when an alcohol and a carboxylic acid react?
BalasHapusWhen an alcohol and a carboxylic acid react, one hydrogen from the alcohol combines with an „OH‟ from the carboxylic acid. Both the “H” and “OH” are connected to organic compounds. Therefore, parts of the functional groups of these molecules have reacted with one another and created a new molecule, called an ester. An ester has a specific functional group (“O” double bonded to another “O,” then bonded to another “O”) that determines its smell.
HapusHow does the preparation of alcohols and carboxylic acids produce ester?
BalasHapusVarious Alcohols
Hapus· Various Organic Acids
· Test Tubes (5-8)
· Hot Plate
· Gloves
· Goggles
· Pipettes
· Stirring Rods
what is the function of sulfuric acid in your report?
BalasHapusThe role of sulfuric acid in a reaction is to work as a catalyst, which helps speed up the reaction. The reason why sulfuric acid is not listed with the other reactants is
HapusExplain what is the use of methyl alcohol in the experiment?
BalasHapuswe had to
Hapuscombine methyl alcohol (an alcohol) and acetic acid (a carboxylic acid). The compositions of these chemicals were different, but once they we combined them and heated them up, they produced a sweet-smelling molecule. Although in class we had learned about the process, but it wasn‟t until the actual lab that I discovered and witnessed that when you combine an alcohol and a carboxylic acid (which smells putrid), you get a sweet-smelling compound. The other way my work on this lab shows proficiency in this GSE are the chemical reactions. In doing the reactions, I was able to show the way an ester looks once the alcohol and carboxylic acid react in the form of a skeletal structure.
What do you do so that your students like the subjects you teach?
BalasHapusMake a varied method that will not make the students bored, for example take your students to a shady schoolyard and teach there or let the kids 'chat' in the classroom to relax lessons, I think it's okay for children to learn in learning
HapusMention the usefulness of esters in daily life?
BalasHapus
Hapus1. Esters derived from fruits are used for the aroma (essential) in food.2. Ester fat to make butter, margarine, and soap.3. Candle esters are used for cars and batik
Whether the design in making the report always as you have explained, or may be different ie more detail or more simple?
BalasHapus
HapusNot always that as I explained this could be more detailed or simpler
What are the functional groups?
BalasHapus
HapusTo make things easier in grouping things