Using Englsh To Predict The Product Of Chemical Reactions

HINTS WHEN TRYING TO PREDICT PRODUCTS OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS

1. First look for obvious precipitation reactions - two aqueous salt solutions mixed together with one of the salts containing an ion that quite often is insoluble (such as Fe, Ba, Ag, Hg, Pb).
2. Then looks for other possible precipitation reactions in which one of the above ions is present in an aqueous salt but the other solution is an acid which might provide an anion (like sulfate or chloride) that could precipitate with the above ion.
3. Next identify easy acid/base reactions - in which you have an easily identifiable acid (nitric, sulfuric, hydrochloric) and a hydroxide salt as the base.
4. Now look for easily identifiable redox reactions in which O₂ is a reactant and probably an oxidizing agent and the other reagent is a hydrocarbon, a carbohydrate, a metal, etc. The hydrocarbon and carbohydrate will react to form carbon dioxide and water, and the metal will react to form oxides.
5. Finally look for other redox reactions, such as when you have a pure metal interacting with a ion of another metal or an acid which could dissolve it to form a salt of the metal.

MOST COMMON STUDENT MISTAKES WHEN PREDICTING AND WRITING REACTION PRODUCTS IN GENERAL CHEMISTRY

1. Writing H(OH) (aq) as a product of the reaction of an acid and base. Hopefully, you realized that this product is H₂O(l).
2. Writing the incorrect molecular formula for a product. For example aluminum nitrate is often written as AlNO₃, not correctly as Al(NO₃)₃. To write this correctly, you need to know either that
   • NO₃ has a negative one charge (predictable if you know the formula for nitric acid - HNO₃ - and realize that nitrate, the negative ion produced when a base abstracts a proton from the neutral acid , must be NO₃^-,
   • Al ion has a charge of 3+ in combined with a nonmetal in a salt.
3. Not writing the simplest formula for a product. Fox example, sodium nitrate is not Na₂(NO₃)₂, but rather NaNO₃.
4. Leaving off the (aq), (s), (l), or (g) after the product. How can you or I tell if you have a precipitation reaction if one of the products doesn't have an (s) after it?
5. Not balancing the equations.
6. Not recognizing that if you have an acid as one reactant and a salt of the form M_x(OH)_y  as another reactant, then the reaction is an acid/base reaction.
7. Automatically assuming that if you have a strong acid in the reactants that the reaction has to be an acid/base reaction. This is only true if you have a base like OH^- in the reactants.  Acids can also act as oxidizing agents (for example when they dissolve pure metals) or "precipitating agents" when they provide an anion which forms a precipitate with a metal cation.
8. Recognize the that when -OH is covalently linked to a C, a nonmetal, IT IS NOT A BASE.  In fact it might be an acid if it is part of an oxyacid like nitric acid (HNO₃), a strong acid, or acetic acid (CH₃COOH), a weak acid.  C-OH is found often in organic carbon compounds, when it is called an alcohol.  
9. Assuming a reaction is a redox reaction without determining the oxidation number for each atom. (Obviously this is not necessary when the reaction is a combustion reaction using molecular oxygen, O₂.
10. Not knowing the charge on ions and not putting () around certain ions when needed. For example iron hydroxide is Fe(OH)₃ not FeOH₃.